Deliberate practice refers to a special type of practice that is purposeful and systematic. While regular practice might include mindless repetitions, deliberate practice requires focused attention and is conducted with the specific goal of improving performance.
I get frustrated at the pushback against deliberate practice that boil down to “Ericsson believes that practice trumps genetics, so deliberate practice must be wrong.” I had dinner a few years ago with Anders Ericsson and a few other psychologists, and we spoke about the question. I came away with the impression that they all agreed that genetics and innate talent put ceilings on how far someone could improve a skill, but that we were all so far from our innate ceilings that they really didn’t matter. Is this a motte and bailey argument? Maybe. It’s possible that Ericsson’s stronger claims represent his actual beliefs, and he’s just retreating to the more defensible position when the superiority of practice is attacked. But I think it’s a good bailey. I could probably count on my fingers the people I know who have really tried to push their abilities to the brink with deliberate practice. So regardless of whether Ericsson actually believed the stronger claim or not, I don’t see this argument as a point against deliberate practice.
In other words, by Ericsson’s definition — or at least, according to the one that I’ve taken from Peak — if you are in a domain with little known training methods, you cannot do deliberate practice in its pure form. You cannot do so because you would need to discover effective mental models yourself. You would also have to develop training methods of your own, as no standardised methods exist. These restrictions puts you firmly in the domain of purposeful-practice alone.
Is all hope lost? Not exactly. Many of us work in domains with ‘fractionated’ pools of expertise. For instance, I am a computer programmer by training. My domain consists of many higher order skills like distributed systems design, or ‘the skill of implementing 20% of what the client asked but delivering 80% of the value, while pretending to be doing 100% of what the client asked for and delivering 100% of the value’ — for which no standardised training methods exist. But it also contains topics like ‘testing’, or ‘object oriented programming’ or ‘database modelling’ for which established training methods do exist. We may apply purposeful practice to the former, and seek out opportunities for deliberate practice for the latter.